Friday, May 31, 2019

Human Gender and Mathematics Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive papers

Human Gender and MathematicsIs there a difference in the mathematical ability between men and women? Historians have no comminuted method of quantifying or comparing their individual accomplishments (Olsen). Not only in math, but also in many opposite career areas in the past, women were looked upon as inferior to their male counterparts. Women were non encouraged to pursue a career in mathematics. Historically, women were seen working around the home, cleaning the house, taking care of the children, and cooking the food. steady if they did pursue a career in mathematics, their research was sometimes viewed as questionable. I will defend the fact that, Women have the same capabilities of achieving in mathematics than men do. However, you probably have heard of more male mathematicians than female mathematicians because historically, the male is labeled to be smarter in the subject of mathematics. In many cases this is not true. Women were viewed upon as equal in mathematical abi lity when they began making amazing discoveries in mathematics, began to stick up for their rights, and began to be accepted by their male counterparts as equal. An unknown author once wrote, To understand the development of mathematics, we must have a picture of the men who made the science(Olsen). Like many other statements about male mathematicians, you rarely find any trace of their female counterparts. Jean Dumee, a French astronomer, stated that women are not incapable of study, if they want to make the effort, because between the brain of a woman and that of a man there is no difference (Olsen). Women mathematicians have been around for centuries and have had amazing contributions to the dramatic art of mathematics. Women like Hypatia, Sophie Germa... ...athematics and science. If the above statement holds true, women were considered inferior to men in these areas because they werent schooled at a higher level. In todays world, women are schooled at the same level as men a re, which leads them to participate and excel in these fields. Lastly, female mathematicians have the same capabilities of male mathematicians because they made amazing and important discoveries in mathematics, have stuck up for their gender rights, and most important of all, were accepted by their male counterparts as equal.Works Cited Page1 Olsen, Lynn. Women in Mathematics. New York The MIT Press, 19742 Scott, Agnes. Biographies of Women Mathematicians. 28 Feb. 1999. Agnes Scott College. <http/www.agnesscott.edu/Iriddle/women/women.htm3 Walkerdine, Valerie. numerate Girls Out. Bristol, PA Falmer Press, 1974

Thursday, May 30, 2019

Gattaca The Movie And Discrimination :: essays research papers

In the movie Gattaca the main character Anton was discriminated against because of his gene makeup. Anton never even had a chance in the society in Gattaca because the potential drop employees of companies were not tested on their skills or knowledge but on their physical and mental possibilities. The same society also used derogatory terms for people like Anton. Just because his parents decided that he would come into the world naturally instead of through gene therapy or alteration. Terms like credence birth and invalid were used against Anton. I think gene therapy has it promises, but when used in the fashion as it was used in the Gattaca I think its progress should be carefully monitored. Right now sheep and other animals are being cloned. Soon primates and Humans could be cloned. I think we should further investigate valet cloning for research on the parenting process and other physiological experiments that can only be used now on identical twins marooned at birth. These experiments when used could be used to gain insight on what our genes determine in our personalities. I also think that the achievement of us tenderity cloning ourselves would be a great achievement for the entire human race such as it was when we landed on the moon in 1969.In the movie Gattaca they barely showed the moral consequences of the actions. Antons father showed more pride in his brother than Anton, but what about Anton making friends, was he doomed to be a social outcast in friendships also? The second rate swimmer so depressed by being second in a race almost committed suicide, what about him? The movie never revealed how poor nations around the world dealt with eventually becoming a nation of an inferior human race. The movie pretty much shows how Hitlers plan of creating a perfect human race would be like. The movie does show some positives though. A all-night lifetime full of health was promised to all planned pregnancies.

Oedipus and Othello Essay -- Theatre

The role of the gods/fate in human affairs is a central theme in nigh works of literature. In Greek literature, particularly, the will of the gods is commonly attributed to human experiences. In Oedipus the King, for instance, the oracles message that Oedipus will kill his father and marry his own mother suggests that he was a puppet in the hands of the gods, who manipulated the events that led to his fall. However, the characters fate is not entirely attributable to the work of the gods. In the play, Oedipus meets his fate due to his determination to unravel the mysteries surrounding the kings death, despite warnings by the prophet Tiresias and his wife/mother, and his quest to prove the oracles wrong in their declaration that he is the kings murderer. In contrast, the character of Othello in William Shakespeares Othello meets his downfall as a result of the schemes of other characters, chief among them lago, who cherished to avenge Othellos decision to bypass him for the liutena nts position and instead promote Cassio, a junior officer. With reference to the play Oedipus by Sophocles and Othello by William Shakespeare, this try on disputes the statement that Oedipuss downfall is the work of the gods while that of Othello is self-inflicted. On the contrary, this essay argues that the downfall of Oedipus is self-inflicted while Othello is a victim of the lies and evil schemes conjured up by lago, who wants to settles slews with Othello for not promoting him to the lieutenants position. Oedipus fall is largely attributed to his blind preoccupation to avoid the prophecy proclaimed by the oracle (DeRoo and Manoussakis 113). Despite the declaration by the oracle on his birth, Oedipus fulfills the prophecy in his attempt to a... ...who acted as a puppet under the control of Lago. Works CitedAdamson, Jane. Othello as Tragedy Some Problems of supposition and Feeling. London Cambridge University Press, 1980. Ahl, Frederick, Seneca, Lucius, A., and Sophocles. Two faces of Oedipus Sophocles Oedipus tyrannus and Senecas Oedipus. London Cornell University Press, 2008. Collick, John. Shakespeare, Cinema, and Society. Manchester Manchester University Press, 1989.DeRoo, Neal, and Manoussakis, John, P. Phenomenology and eschatology not yet in the now. New York Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2009. Knneddy, J., Gioia, Dan. Literature an introduction to fiction, poetry, drama, and writing. New York Pearson Longman, 2007. Shakespeare, William. Othello. London Cricket House Books LLC, 2010. Will, Frederick. The generic wine Demands of Greek Literature. New York Rodopi, 1976.

Wednesday, May 29, 2019

Casino Royale Essay -- Film Analysis

The pile bond film series has captivated its audience for decades with eye-catching gadgets, explosions, and heroism of Agent 007. Over the years that these films have been produced, a variety of actors have played James bond and valety actresses have played his love interests. The male roles are portrayed as overly mannish and all of the women are overly sexualized. It seems that in every James bond movie the special agent is beating up twenty guys and saving the lives of various(a) gorgeous women who immediately go to bed with him. The portrayal of men and women in this sort of way set expectations and standards that are far too high for twain genders. The characters in the James Bond film series are portrayed in ways that are negatively influencing todays youth by sexualizing and domesticating women, while the men are violent and chauvinistic Everyone would agree with the statement that James Bond is portrayed to be an alpha male. He is a tower character. Bond h as physical and social power, has control over his emotions, and has his way with women thought the films. In the opening scene of the movie, James Bond is chasing a suspect that he is ordered to capture. Instead of catching his target, agent 007 kills this man. When confronted with his killing, Bond responds casually I thought the world could use one less bomb maker. This man defies his commands and takes charitable life for no reason and without remorse. In another scene, Bond is in a high stakes poker tournament. After winning a mans car from him, he has sexual relations with that mans wife just to get information out of her. Are boys receiving the right heart and soul by watching these films? That using women and killing men on a whim are not onl... ...s Last Line of Defence Miss Moneypenny And The Desperations Of Filmic Feminism. Hecate 24.(1998) 93.Academic attempt Complete. Web. 24 Feb.2012. Casino Royal. Dir Martin Campbell. Perf. Daniel Craig, Eva Green, Ma ds Mikkelsen, and Judi Dench. Columbia Pictures, 2006. DVD. Tompkins,Aimee. The Psychological Effects of Violent Media on Children.All Phsych Journal (2003) WebSharon Snyder-Suhy, et al. Shaken and Stirred A Content depth psychology Of WomenS Portrayals In James Bond Films. Sex Roles 62.11/12 (2010) 747-761.Academic Search Complete. Web.24 Feb. 2012. OnlineThe Jackson, James. The Sexism Inherent in James Bond Films. Suite101.com.15 July 2009.Web. 02 Mar, 2012.james-jackson. suite101. Movie Body Counts Charts Top Franchises James Bond. Movie Body Counts. Web. 04 Mar. 2012. moviebodycounts. com/franchises-bond. html

The patriot act Essay -- essays research papers

The Patriot ActThe Patriot Act is a placard that was passed in the wake of 9/11/01. Not even two months after the horrific event which we all know as 911, the billhook was passed with great haste and secrecy. The bill was passed on October 26, 2001. The bill was passed to raise the security of the country. Sadly many speculate that most of the members in congress did not even read the 342 page bill. Within a thing of days the executive branch with its new powers began to initiate many new executive orders, policies, regulations and practices that many feel threaten our rights.The bill has expanded terrorism laws to entangle domestic terrorism which subjects political organizations to be surveillance, wiretapping, harassment, and criminal charges for political advocacy. Many feel that this is an attack on the first amendment, which is freedom of religion, speech, assembly and freedom of the press. The bill has also expanded the powers of law enforcement agencies(police, FBI, CIA, NSA). Law enforcement agents now have the ability to conduct secret searches, place telephone and internet surveillance, and can access individualized medical, financial, and student records with minimal judicial oversight. Many feel that this is an attack on the fourth am...

Monday, May 27, 2019

Aztec :: essays papers

AztecThe Aztec lived in the city of Tenochtitlan, which is a fertile basin about 50 miles long and as wide. Surrounded by mountain ranges and several volcanoes, the Aztec has riotous supply of water. With being 8000ft above sea level the day were mild and the nights are cold during much of the year. The Aztecs bod means heron people their name is derived from the mythical homeland to the north called Azatlan. This in mind their language(Nahuatl) also belong to the linguistic family as the Soshonean, a tongue will represented among the Indians of the Untied States. In the Aztecs culture their main principal crop was maize. Maize was usually cooked with lime thence ground to make dough, then patted into tortillas, other principal crops were beans, squash, tomatoes, cotton, chilies. The two crops maguey and agave were used as cord, sacks and sandals and a substitute for cotton in clothing. From the juice of the maguey was use in a mild form of intoxicant called pulque, which was the ceremonial drink. Only the old men of the committee was able to drink pulque freely, otherwise among the younger generation couldnt get drunk except at authorized religious feast. Drunkenness was considered a serious offense even punishable by death. In the Aztecs culture there were clans, separately clan there was tribes and each tribe was divided up. Then each family were allotted sufficient land for its maintenance, if no one else were alive in the family, then the land were reverted back to the tribe. urban communities, the land were communal, each group called capulli was composed of a few families that jointly owned a piece of land. Then part of the yield was given to the resign as a tax. Rest of yield would be either sold, traded or for their own use. There were two kinds of farmer, first there was the general field workers. They were in charge with preparing the soil, breaking up clods, hoeing(with the coa digging sticks), leveling, setting boundary markers, planting, irr igating, winnowing and storing grain. The second kind of farmer were the horticulturists their job was planting of trees, transplanting, crop sequences, rotations and a supervisory role, for they were expected to read the Tonalamatl almanacs to determine the time for planting and harvest. One of the unusual feature of the Aztec agriculture were the floating gardens. These gardens were built by digging ditches into squares or rectangle, then they would pile up mud on the area which the ditches enclosed.

Sunday, May 26, 2019

Matt Barrett: Barclay’s CEO Position

Barclays Matt Barretts Journey- Winning Hearts and Minds Barclays was founded in 1690 in London. After 30 years later, Barclays started to expansion its area to the world, and became the first foreign bank to file with the Securities and Exchange Commission in Washington D.C. in 1981. Barclayss global market capitalization rank was fourth in 1980. However, it fallen to 22 in 2000. In October 1999, Matt Barrett accepted the invitation of Barclayss CEO position, and started to dally on his challenge.At that time, the situation of the Barclays is that institutional investors were unhappy, employees were demoralized, and the front-line and senior executives had lost confidence. Barrett soon discovered an excessive cost problem of Barclays and realized that the bank needed a shift in culture and mind-set, a new strategic direction, a structural overhaul, and an improved communications policy. Barrett had worked on changing the mind-set and culture of Barclays, and he believed that a more fact-based, value- growth orientation to running Barclays was essential. At first six month, Barrett started to build the foundation.Barrett met approximately 10,000 employees during the initial three month. At the same time, Barrett authentic his own vision for the bank- earn, invest, and grow. He planned to reduce cost by 1 billion for saving money from cost. Six months after Barrett became CEO, Barrett committed the goals were to reserve equally to him to management, and everyone in the organization. Barrett started to change the top management. For example, Barrett appointed people to take position, which was a significant change on the ExCo and using young talent to the ExCo.Barrett started to destine about group strategy. In addition, Barrett and the ExCo decided to work with Marakon to set about looking at all businesses and activities from a value perspective, identifying where value was beingness created and where it was being destroyed. Under Barnetts leadership, and with the help of Marakons systematic, fact-based approach, the ExCo developed a long-term strategic.

Saturday, May 25, 2019

Therefore the management considered

Anthony Nicholas Group was established in 1949 and is currently the leading indigenous je hygienicery business in Ireland employing 230 people. The Group already implemented an IT outline in the form of pole-office systems and software.However the software was inflexible as it offered no scope for organisational maturation in addition to being old, slow and unreliable. Therefore the management considered the option of developing an Internet presence that would simultaneously upgrade the back-office systems and software.The implementation was to be financed by the Enterprise Ireland e-business Acceleration Fund Initiative. Because of the growing online market the IT strategy was considered to be the circumstantial success factor.The end result was envisioned to consist of deuce components back office and e-business and web site development. However the implementation process had some problems such as the project team underestimated the true scope of the project so that in that re spect were problems related to delays and unanticipated pressures on internal resources.AnalysisIn implementing the IT strategy, the Group followed the strategic alignment process. This process occurs in iterations between four phases IT strategy, business strategy, organizational issues and development systems issues.The IT strategy of launching the e-business platform was aligned to the business strategy of improving customer service. This alignment between IT strategy and business strategy was maintained with organizational issues in terms of forming the project team which included the Managing Director, Financial Controller and IT Manager.The workload of managing change on the workforce was tremendous as it occurred organization-wide. This problem was intercommunicate through hiring temporary staff. Finally information systems issues were addressed through running the new system and the old system in parallel so that if there were any bugs in the new system, it wouldnt disrup t the operations in the company.Following the strategic alignment process enabled the Group to conduct the process of managing change in alignment with the strategic focus of the company.Frequently this alignment is lost because the management may not have the necessary IT strategy while the employees are unwilling to join forces in the implementation leading to user resistance. The management addressed both problems through the strategic alignment process. However there were still delays in finish the installation in time and according to budget because the software specifications had to be changed in accordance with the organizational structure.Therefore there was some degree of customization involved which was facilitated through demonstrations and site visits. They were the basis upon which supplier selection was made. They enabled the Group management to communicate with the supplier regarding the end-user needs so that the end product was fully customized to the organization al structure. This is the critical success factor since otherwise the end result would be to introduce a system that does not work thus adding to user resistance.As stated in the case the retail market is characterized by a high level of competitive rivalry and the use of the Internet in sales and marketing is well established.Therefore the Groups present IT strategy is very much in keeping with creating a position that would enable Anthony Nicholas to meet the overall business strategy of presenting their products and interacting with the customers online. In implementing the IT strategy the company had two aims establishing a business-to-business e-commerce capability and an Internet business-to-consumer facility.Both the aims were addressed by the e-business strategy. However strategy was not meant to increase turnover, it was more of an tack to the current service levels.The business-to-business e-commerce strategy was implemented through Solvar which incorporated the manufactu ring and wholesale operation while the business-to-consumer strategy was implemented through the Fields of Dublin website. These two modules made the information systems scalable so that the management could add on.

Friday, May 24, 2019

Stylistic Analysis

T equal of Contents Introduction3-7 Chapter 1. Stylistic peculiarities of D. H. Lawrence and H. W. Longfellows poetry. 7 1. 1. The office of polysemousism of the war cry in conspiracy with accept in verse smorgasbords by D. H. Lawrence and H. W. Longfellow.. 7-12 1. 2. Lingvo- pigpenlistic potential of D. H. Lawrences Donts. 12-14 1. 3. The main(prenominal) stylistic-semantic boasts of H. W. Longfellows poem The rime of Hiawatha (Introduction) 4-18 Chapter 2. Romantic and lyrical figure of Robert Burns18 2. 1. General stylistic features of R. Burnss poem My feels in the Highlands.. 18-21 2. 2. The mood in My Hearts in the Highlands21-23 Chapter 3. Lexical, syntactical communicative heart and stylistic devices in. 24 3. 1. Young and Old by Charle Kingsley24-26 3. 2. forth of Sight, bulge out of Mind by Barnabe Googe26-28 Conclusion29-30 References31-32 IntroductionThe shank of the course written report is bear on with the stylistic analytic thinking of five poems b y unalike authors (D. H. Lawrence, H. W. Longfellow, R. Burns, Ch. Kingsley, B. Googe). The issue of stylistics and stylistic analysis has been extensively studied in recent years and the business of stylistics has been a subject of particular(prenominal) interest. Various scientific paradigms, trends and methods of stylistics and literary studies have been developed and explored in the works by such prominent scholars of pre-soviet, soviet and post-soviet lingual schools as Larin B.A. , Peshkovsky A. M. , Polivanov E. D. , Scherba L. V. , Galperin I. R. , Akhmanova O. S. , Arn aged(prenominal) I. V. , Skrebnev Yu. M. , Golovin B. N. , Kukhargonnko V. A. , Morohovsky O. M. and m either otherwises. Thus the term stylistics is non h cardinalst-to-god but the discip retrace originated from ancient Grecian and Roman poeticals and rhetoric. Modern poetics is a discipline concerned with the structural forms of literary art, both poetic and prosaic, and its crucial problem is wha t turns a verbal message into a work of art 10, p. 3.The term stylistics became associated with detailed lingual criticism because, at the time it developed, the study of authorial style was a major critical concern, and linguistic analysis, either last( imply)ied to statistics, was popular with the much linguistically inclined(p) critics. check to close to modern scholars, it is now moved away from the study of style and towards the study of how implications and effects atomic number 18 produced by literary text editions. Nowadays by stylistics the modern British linguist atomic number 1 Widdowson intend the study of literary discourse from a linguistic orientation, i. . stylistics is an bea of mediation mingled with the cardinal disciplines, the two subjects language and literature 18, p. 43. In R. de Beaugrandes joint of honors, stylistics applies linguistics to literature 2, p. 18. So, the tendency of stylistic analysis is language represented in literary texts . Stylistic analysis is a part of literary studies, of any adequate linguistic commentary. It is practiced as a means of understanding the possible meanings in a text as well as finding out the individual properties of concrete texts or text images.Also you brook read Rhetorical Devices in darkness Walker by Brent StaplesIts ultimate aim is to clarify the message of the authors work through careful observation and consistent description of language phenomena in the text under study. D integrity at the junction of linguistic and literary analysis the work is concerned with a number of problems of the poems interpretation, stylistic, linguistic and literary analysis. Although considerable amount of search has been passd to the problem of the stylistic analysis few attempts have been made to investigate aspects such as structural-semantic para measurings of he go throughn poems, lexical and syntactic expressive means, some stylistic devices which are apply in these poems. This defines the actuality of the work and its hypothetic value. The objective of the paper is to examine the linguistic, stylistic, lexical and syntactic nature of poems, types of expressive means on the different levels of language and their informational significance. The apt(p) aim predetermines the concrete tasks of the research. The thesis allow cover the following research tasks 1) to analyse such poems as Donts by D. H.Lawrence, The form of Hiawatha (Introduction ) by H. W. Longfellow, My Hearts in the Highlands by R. Burns, Young and Old by Ch. Kingsley, and Out of Sight, Out of Mind by B. Googe 2) to point out respective(a) types of syntactic and lexical-syntactic stylistic devices in them 3) to dwell upon their structural, logical-semantic peculiarities and take to the woodss 4) to determine the structural, semantic types of metaphors, metonymies, epithets and similes 5) to lay emphasis on the groovy number of themes developed in poems 6) to give general characteristi cs of poetic methods of D.H. Lawrence, H. W. Longfellow, R. Burns, Ch. Kingsley, B. Googe. 7) to will detailed analysis of the stylistic devices employed by the poets in their verses 8) to give the close observation of the meanings of separate account books and rallying cry combinations as well as of the significations of the various sentences and supra-phrasal units. So, the object of the paper is poetry by in a higher place mentioned poets. The subject is the main themes and stylistic peculiarities of these poems.The materials and theoretical basis for the given course paper were chosen among the research works of the established literary critics and biographers, who studied the conduct and the classifiable features of poets legacy. Special attention was paid to the book by Thomas Crawford Burns. A study of the Poems and Songs, Arvin Newton LongfellowHis Life and Work and other related works. The methodic base on the work became the works of Galperin I. R. , Kucharenko V. A . , Lototska K. materials from the Internet, different types of dictionaries, World Book cyclopaedia. In accordance with the endeavor and tasks of the paper the following methods of investigation were used words definitions analysis, contextual and opinionated analysis of the poems, interpretational and stylistic analysis of the rhetorical figures for revealing the informational value of expressive means. The topicality of the research paper is determined by the necessity of sy holdatic and resumptive comprehension of the opinion stylistic analysis.The scientific novelty of the work consists in the incident that we will bring home the bacon with the thorough analysis of poems on taxonomic, content-grasping, semantic, stylistic and functional stages of investigation. Besides, we will try to investigate the use of polysemanticism of the word in combination with repeating in such poems as Donts by D. H. Lawrence and Song of Hiawatha (Introduction) by H. W. Longfellow.From the th eoretical point of view, this work presents the comprehensive study of lexical, syntactic expressive means and stylistic devices that makes it possible to reveal its lingvo- stylistic and functional features. So, the theoretical value of the given research paper is based on analysis of poets verses which promote the provided development of fundamental principles of the theory of poetry. The applicative value of the work lies in the particular that the results of the investigation can be used in the courses of lectures in stylistics, seminars in style and text interpretation and in like manner can be useful for practical courses of incline language.The course paper consists of an introduction, three chapters, conclusion and list of summonss. The introduction explains the topicality of the research paper, underlines its theoretical and practical value and identifies the theme, aim, tasks, object, subject, methods of investigation of the work. The first chapter deals with the sty listic peculiarities of D. H. Lawrence and H. W. Longfellows poetry. Mainly it is focused on the polysemantic aspect and lingvo-stylistic potential of such poems as Donts and The Song of Hiawatha (Introduction).The second chapter is dedicated to the detailed analysis of poem by Robert Burns which is called My Hearts in the Highlands. It involves investigation of the style, expressive means, syntax of the given poem. The third chapter is concerned with two poems Young and Old by Ch. Kingsley and Out of Sight, Out of Mind by B. Googe. Considerable emphasis is put on the lexical, syntactic expressive means and the stylistic devices at different levels. To bedeck the use of rhetorical figures these poems are analysed, considering theoretical issues of modern Stylistics. Chapter 1 Stylistic peculiarities of D.H. Lawrence and H. W. Longfellows poetry 1. 1. The use of polysemanticism of the word in combination with repetition in poems by D. H. Lawrence and H. W. Longfellow. The poem Dont s which is under consideration was written by David Herbert Richards Lawrence ? an position novelist, poet, playwright, es maintainist, literary critic and painter. Although outgo known for his novels, D. H. Lawrence wrote al some 800 poems. His earliest works clearly puzzle him in the school of Georgian poets. What typified the entire movement, and Lawrences poems of the time, were well-worn poetic tropes and deliberately archaic language.He wrote in a actually destitute verse form, unbounded by traditional structures. Much of his work deals with issue of the working classes, relationships mingled with men, women and the subjective world. D. H. Lawrence was especially fond of writing active animals, flowers, and other aspects of nature ? usually in a deeply symbolic manner. His poetry allurements include Love Poems and others (1913), Amores (1916), Look We have come through (1917), Birds, Beasts and Flowers (1923), The Collected Poems of D. H. Lawrence (1928), The arrest Poems of D. H.Lawrence (1964), edited by Viviande Sola Pinto and F. Warren Roberts and many others. The poem Donts is devoted to the authors instructions, pieces of advice given to a trivial son. The basic theme is the admit against narrow-minded, philistine morality, ideals and hypocrisy. This theme manifests itself in some peculiar word employment which imitates adults word usage in the conversation with children. The author foresees the insincere, hokey exhortation which a young boy is press release to hear from mealy-mouthed adults who demand from him to be well-behaved boy. They require that a boy ry to be a solid flyspeck boy be as good as you can 6, p. 375. However, D. H. Lawrence insistently recommends not to listen to these pieces of advice, not to be that humble good child whom sanctimonious persons want to see. The author admonishes him to difference and to be a courageous man. The tone of the poem is moralizing and contrast between the significance of theme and parodic infantility of vocabulary creates acute satirical effect. D. H. Lawrence in his poem Donts uses polysemanticism of the word in combination with repetition and this approximates by its stylistic function to casuistry.It occurs in reference to the adjective teentsy which is used here(predicate) in various variants with different connotations, furthermore, in some connotations it suppresses greatly the denotative components of meaning. That is why the imprint of metre is exclusively in earthshaking. Due to the fact that repetition along with parodic usage of unceremonious-informal style, especially baby-talk, are the key stylistic devices with which we should start analysis of the given poem. They are diverse by nature. onside with a simple repetition of two or more absolutely identical components mealy-mouthed, mealy-mouthed, greedy-mouthed, greedy-mouthed bracing repetition with some variation is introduced. Such repetition is, for example, greedy-mouthed as against mea ly-mouthed. Similarity between mealy-mouthed and greedy-mouthed at the same time make them be compared, however difference between them supplements the characteristic of the sly, ein truth old lout. Guite effective is partial repetition earning your living while your life is lost 6, p. 375, where morphological closeness only sharper shades that living and life are not the same. (translation from Russian ? M. Andrushko) 22, p. 126-127. In some cases repetition also can not collocate with the usage of polysemanticism. Then its function is intensifying or emotional or even intensifying-emotional as it is in the first two lines Fight your pocket-sized fight, my boy, Fight and be a man. 6, p. 375 Semantics variations in the repetition are actually elicit for the theme of the given paragraph, i. e. the usage of different lexical-semantic variants which are included in the semantic structure of one and the same word.Due to the fit usage of the word in one context, these semantic variat ions accentuate differences in connotations. The word little is used in the given poem in two various lexical-semantic variants with antithetical connotations. In such words as good little, good little boy, dear little girl, dear little home the word little has one meaning and in such phrases as little fight, let in a little air, a little plenty in the holy prison, your own little bit, your own little cry another meaning. The usage of the word little here is guite difficult.First of all, there is need to resort to a dictionary to find out what in general is observed in the language. In the direct meaning little signifies the small size and is synonymic with neutral word small. In the informal style of speech this objective-logical meaning is brawnyly suppressed by its emotional meaning. So, little expresses sympathy, tenderness, grace and is equivalent to affectionate diminutive suffixes of the Ukrainian language. Exactly this meaning forms the basis of the stylistic connotatio n of the first group of examples. (translation from Russian ? M. Andrushko) 22, p. 127.It is interesting that compatibility of the word little in this meaning with the following adjectives dear and skilful is characteristic for informal speech, especially for the speech used in conversations with children. For lesson, a dear little cottage, a dear little boy, a dear little kitten, a nice little wife and etc. Frequent usage of the word little sounds worry affectation in the same way as in the conversational speech the misuse of diminutive suffixes creates an impression of insincere baby-talk. The stereotypy of those combinations used in not characteristic of direct speech shows their pretence, falsity and insincerity.The poet mocks those people who will tempt a young boy by dreams nigh bourgeois welfare. It is worth to be noticed that the word little can be used ironically, for example, one of my little ideas and even with the tone of sarcasm so thats your little plan, is it 22, p. 375. Since in the semantic structure of the word little, is included the meaning which is synonymic to the adjectives unimportant, mean, paltry, so this estimation is introduced in the implication of the poem and in combination with an absurd repetition makes it grotesque.It also destroys sweetness of promises about family happiness and comfort which are waiting for a good boy. The second group of examples ? let in a little air, fight your little fight etc. ? extends to the authors direct speech. A reader can not find here any irony, the direct meaning of a metrical rhythm is preserved. The repetition underlines the idea that even modest results of allones fight for ability to breathe in the hole prison easier are valuable and necessary for common good. In such way this poem acquires acute social orientation.At the same time the contrast between lexical meanings of two lexical-semantic variants of one and the same word plays an important role as well. In the examined case the comparability of two variants of one and the same word occurs syntagmatically, i. e. both variants are in the text little synonymic to affectionate diminutive suffix and little with the meaning of dimension or significance. The second type of comparison between direct and figurative meaning occurs in the following metaphors dont be beholden to the herd inside the pen, money sty, holy prison.The first metaphor is the metaphor in which in the text only one member of comparison is represented, i. e. only figurative meaning where people are resigned to their fate, to the institutionalization of D. H. Lawrence surrounding world. Those people are called ? . Another metaphors ? money sty and holy prison ? show that this institutionalization is called and . Alongside with many other stylistic devices these metaphors express very clearly the authors attitude towards reality. Repetition can perform several functions simultaneously. In Song of Hiawatha by H. W.Longfellow repetition create s kin colour, variant rhythm and underlines interrelation of separate images combining them in one common motion picture Should you ask me, whence these stories? Whence these legends and traditions, With the odors of the forest With the dew and damp of meadows, With the change surface smoke of wigwams, With the rushing of great rivers, With their frequent repetitions, And their wild reverberations As of thunder in the mountains? I should answer, I should tell you, From the forests and the prairies, From the great lakes of the Northland, From the land of the Ojibways, From the land of the Dacotahs,From the mountains, moors, and fen-lands Where the heron, the Shuh-shuh-gah, Feeds among the reeds and rushes. I repeat them as I heard them From the lips of Nawadaha, The musician, the sweet singer. Should you ask where Nawadaha Found these poesys so wild and wayward, Found these legends and traditions, I should answer, I should tell you, In the birds-nests of the forest, In the lodg es of the beaver, In the hoofprint of the bison, In the eyry of the eagle 8, p. 9-10 In these first stanzas of Song of Hiawatha a reader encounters with the convergence of stylistic devices and in the first place with repetitions.This convergence puts him in the genre of lyrical epic stylized in a spirit of indian national-poetical creativity. Repetition adds rhythmicalal and song colour to the tarradiddle and integrates the enumeration of elements concerning the nature of the land. It is interesting that frequent repetitions are mentioned intentionally and are explained by the author as borrowing from the indian singer Nawadaha. D. H. Lawrence explains the emergence of repetitions in the songs of Nawadaha as the influence of the surrounding nature ? reverbarations/ As of thunder in the mountains 8, p. . Various kinds of repetition can be an important means of connections inside the text. connection by means of pronouns has more specific meaning. In the given example connection is a ccomplished by anaphoric repetition of such pronouns as with, from and in together with parallel of latitude constructions and some other kinds of repetitions. (translation from Russian ? M. Andrushko) 22, p. 185. Alongside with lexical synonymic repetition stories-legends, moors-fenlands here is represented purely syntactical repetition in the form of homogeneous parts of the sentence.To be more precise, lexical synonymical repetition is like the extension of syntactical repetition. The poem by H. W. Longfellow is called a song. However, the word song is polysemantic and the meaning implied by the author is explained by three homogeneous nouns stories, legends and traditions. The homogeneous parts of the sentence specify and details the content of the authors opinion. The type of legends and traditions mentioned in the song is explained by a set of prepositional phrases which starts with the preposition with.The indirect straits with the word whence makes us think about the sour ces of the song. The answer to this question is a set of similar by its syntactic function parallel constructions with anaphoric preposition from. Inside this syntactic convergence is the convergence of single-word components the forests and the prairies, from the mountains, moors and fenlands 8, p. 9. So, the usage of polysemanticism of the word in combination with repetition is very important for the right understanding of the poems content. 1. 2. Lingvo-stylistic potential of D.H. Lawrences Donts Stylistic devices and expressive means are very significant for complete understsnding and perception of the whole artistic colouring of a poem. That is why it is worth to consider some other stylistic devices in these two poems Donts by D. H. Lawrence and The Song of Hiawatha (Introduction) by H. W. Longfellow. In the poem Donts the author imposes upon the reader his personal attitude towards a young boy and people who surrounds that boy. The repetition brings the necessary rhythm into the utterance.There are many types of repetition in this poem. The first and the more or less pictorial example is Fight your little fight. It is morphemic repetition which is a categorisation of polyptoton, a figure based on the repetition of two or more words of the same stem (but belonging to different parts of speech or word classes within the same part of speech) 9, p. 132. Also the poem is full of lexical repetitions, especially consecutive or juxtaposed a good little, a good ittle, mealy-mouthed, mealy-mouthed, greedy-mouthed, greedy-mouthed, dear little, dear little, dont drink, dont drink.Apart from successive, there is ordinary repetitions of the word dear in the collocation with different nouns girl, mother, home and the repetition of the word hit-hit which is invented by the author. The most interesting and effective is the repetition in strong positions ? lexical anaphora which in this poem is represented by the word dont Dont be sucked in by the su-superior, dont live with the culture bait, dont drink, dont drink and get beerier and beerier 6, p. 375 To grasp and hold the readers interest the author uses a number of epithets.Semantically they are classified into two major groups 1) Without the violation of semantic agreement a good little boy, dear little girl, dear old mother, dear little home, little fresh air, own little try, comfortable notion, culture bait. All these epithets, apart from the depart two, structurally are pair epithets. The resist one is a word-epithet or simple. Also they all belong to explanatory epithets because they indicate an important features of the defined object. 2) With the violation of semantic agreement to the metaphoric epithets belong mealy-mouthed cowardice, golden opinions, sweet joys, dull death.Structurally they are word epithets. A significant metaphor is used in this poem dont swallow the culture bait. This is verb metaphor, where bait is tenor and the vehicle is food which is only implied by a re ader. According to the structure this metaphor is simple. D. H. Lawrence by this stylistic device wants to say that a little boy does not believe the words of other people. One more special variety of metaphor is allusion. D. H. Lawrence resorts to allusion in the last line of the poem ? the risen Christ should be risen. The author makes reference to the Bible, to the religious theme.Concerning the vocabulary of the poem it is quite neutral, although some peculiar, special words occur. For example, the word lout. The origin of this word is uncertain and it has some stylistic colouring. The Oxford Dictionary gives the following definition an uncouth and aggressive man or boy. Another interesting word is suck in which is slang and means to deceive. The author also creates a new word ? hit-hit which is repeated twice. This stanzaic poem with the cross frost is one of the D. H. Lawrences masterpieces. 1. 3. The main stylistic-semantic features of H.W. Longfellows poem The Song of Hiawa tha (Introduction) Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth (1807-1882) was the most widely published and most famous American poet of the 1800s. His reputation among critics declined crisply after his death, and he had much less influence on modern poetry than such other poets of his day as Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinson. However, many of his poems remain among the most familiar in American literature. Longfellows best-known longer works include Evangeline, the Song of Hiawatha, and The Courtship of Miles Standish.Among his popular deader poems are The Village Blacksmith, The Childrens min, Paul Reveres Ride, The Wreck of the Hesperus, and Excelsior. Longfellows works achieved great popularity in Europe as well as in the United States. He was the first American writer to be honored in the Poets Corner of Westminster Abbey in London. 15, p. 448 The Song of Hiawatha is regarded as Henry Wadsworth Longfellows greatest, most characteristic, and most received epic poem. Intentionally epic in scope, it was described by its author as this Indian Edda.It is, from first gear to end, a metrical version of legends originating with the Algonquin family of Indians. H. W. Longfellow had taken an interest in Indians from early youth, and early formed a plan to commemorate their legends in his verse. From Schoolcraft he obtained nearly all the material utilized in the cycle he make believed Hiawatha. Originally his intension was to group the legends about the mythical personality of the Algonquin divinity ? Manabozho. The poets imagination has invested his hero with much of the character of the strong man who bound together the most compact and efficient league of Indian tribes. The Song of Hiawatha was begun on June 25, 1854, and its 5,314 lines were concluded on March 29, 1855. Its measuring, derived from that of the great Finnish epic, the Kalevala, consists of eight-syllabled lines, with stresses falling on the first, third, fifth and seventh syllables. Octosyllabic verse, whether trochaic, as here, or iambic, as in Scotts Lays of the Last Minstrel, is by far the easiest of all measures to write and the fact that The Song of Hiawatha is unrhymed made the Americans task greatly easier than that of the get acrossman. H. W.Longfellow left a careful pronouncing vocabulary of all the proper name used from the Indian languages in his poem. These show an almost bewildering confusion of vowels, some having the flavor of French, some that of English. The name of the titular hero himself is to be pronounced as if spelled hee-ah-wah? -tha, though the French transliteration made it Haye? nwatha, with the accent on the second syllable. The proper label throughout are used with the rarest skill, both to give melody and variety to the verse and to lend it that more subtle quality known as atmosphere.The main character appears in the fibs of Indians under various names. He endowed with many fine features and embodied the idea of overcoming every kind of discord , rejection of strife and wars in the name of labor peace on generous ground. H. W. Longfellow is rich in some special vocabulary or different realities geographical, ethnographic, religious, mystical. Geographical realities mainly include the names of settlements, their location, characteristics of plant and wildlife and natural conditions. Using a large number of realities, indicating the birds, animals and insects, H. W.Longfellow was trying to show the diversity of nature and its inhabitants. He mentions such birds as Shuh, shuh-gah, the heron, Chetowaik, the p chouser, Mahng, the addlehead, the wild-goose, Wawa, the grouse the Mushkodasa8, p. 9-10. Another special vocabulary concerns the names of nations, since each nation has evolved a way of life and culture that initially led them to division into different clans Ojibways, Dacotahs, Hurons and others. Several times the author refers to the vale of Tawasentha8, p. 10. the word vale according to Oxford American Dictionary is a poetic term for a valley.In the introduction a reader can also meet an archaic word ye which according to Collins Cobuild Dictionary means an old-fashioned, poetic, or religious word for you when you are talk of the town to more than one person. Concerning the stylistic devices, repetition is one of the most frequent stylistic means in Longfellows poem. In the poem it can be beed on all levels of language, but the most frequent used is lexical anaphora With the odors of the forest With the dew and damp of meadows, With the curling smoke of wigwams, With the rushing of great rivers,With their frequent repetitions 8, p. 9 or From the forests and the prairies, From the great lakes of the Northland, From the land of the Ojibways, From the land of the Dacotahs, From the mountains, moors, and fen-lands 8, p. 9 and some others starting with prepositions from, and, by. These lines also can be characterized as parallel anaphoric syntactic constructions. Apart from lexical anaphora, the author uses distant repetition of such hrases as pleasant water-courses, to this Song of Hiawatha, morphemic repetition ? Sang the Song 8, p. 11 ? which belongs to root repetition. Affixational repetition in the line There are longings, yearnings, strivings brings the necessary rhythm into the utterance. In the same time, this line is a nice example of gradation, the type of gradation ? climax. Its function is to give a vivid emotional-evaluative characteristic of the phenomenon described. One more instance of gradation how he lived, and toiled, and suffered only gives some additional emotive effect.Antonymous syntactic parallel constructions Should you ask me, I should answer form antithesis. A very nice lexical-syntactic stylistic device used in the poem is simile And the thunder in the mountains, Whose innumerable echoes Flap like eagles in their eyries 8, p. 11 It describes the nature of the valley, the weather in the mountains and this description trough using simile gives a r eader the clear picture of that locality.The poem is rich in epithets among which it is worth to mention such as songs so wild and wayward(a pair metaphoric epithet), melancholy marshes(simple metaphoric), green and noneffervescent valley(the first is tautological, the second is metaphoric, structurally it is a pair epithet), singing pine-trees(simple, metaphoric), wondrous birth(simple emotive proper or affective epithet) and some others. However, the above mentioned epithets in the best way to mystify the mood, feeling and emotions of the poem.The excessive use of repetition have made The Song of Hiawatha the most parodied poem in the English language, spawning more than a thousand variations, some of them as long as the original. Despite the flaws of critics, caused by H. W. Longfellows choice to mimic the solemn, unrhymed tetrameter of the Finns Kalevala, The Song of Hiawatha is salvage widely accepted as a significant nineteenth-century American poem. Chapter 2 Romantic and lyrical figure of Robert Burns 2. 1. General stylistic features of R. Burnss My Hearts in the Highlands Robert Burns was one of the great poets of the eighteens century and the only great poet ever to emerge from the British peasant class11,p. 23. According to Merrian-Websters Encyclopedia of Literature, R. Burns was national poet of Scotland who wrote lyrics and songs in the Scottish dialect12, p. 187. John Anderson mentions that most of Robert Burnss poetry is written in Scotch brogue. The poet used dialect deliberately. It was not that he knew no better. You will notice that when it pleased him, he could turn out stanzas in pure English as polished and smooth as those of any classic poet13, p. 36. Burns was interested in authentic folk songs. He collected about 300 original and traditional Scottish songs for books compiled in his day, including The Scots Musical Museum (1787). Burns wrote many poems to be sung to Scottish folk tunes14, p. 716. He is regarded as a pioneer of the Romantic movement, and after his death he became a great source of inspiration to the founders of both liberalism and socialism, and a cultural icon in Scotland and among the Scottish Diaspora somewhat the world.His poem Auld Lang Syne is often sung at Hogmanay (the last day of the year), and Scots Wha Hae served for a long time as an unofficial national anthem of the orbit. Other poems and songs of Burns that remain well known across the world today include A Red, Red Rose, A Mans a Man for AThat, To a Louse, To a Mouse, The Battle of Sherramuir, Tam oShanter, and Ae Fond Kiss. However, the poem which we are going to analyse is called My Hearts in the Highlands. The title of this poem tells us quite a bit.The poet identifies a place that is important to him, and the word heart indicates a strong emotional attachment to the Highlands. The poem is lyric, in fact, a song, and the musical language expresses the emotions of the speaker. In this poem we can assume that the speaker and the poet are the same. It is a poem about Robert Burns leaving his home, the Highlands. He looks back on his life to remember all of the good times he had there. This shows love for a place, the Highlands of Scotland and proves that R. Burns was homesick. Concerning the poetical form, R.Burns wrote four-line stanzas, called quatrains, with a very simple aabbccdd rhyme scheme. The metrical pattern includes an opening iambus followed by two figure feet and ends with an accented syllable. Since the dactyl feet prevail, the poem is written in dactylic tetrameter. Poets often vary the meter and feet slightly to avoid a work that sounds like a metronome. This poem has strong visual elements. R. Burns writes about the wild deer, green valleys, and wild-hanging woods. In addition, there is an aural image in the line Farewell to the torrents and loud-pouring floods1, p. 54. These images exact the poets love for the region, a love that the audience recognizes. Thus, the sensory images elic it an emotional response. R. Burns uses repetition to great effect. Not only does he repeat the first stanza as the last, which is called in stylistics lexical framing, he also repeats words Wherever I, farewell to the. 1, p. 254. In the third stanza the author uses repetition in strong position ? lexical anaphora Farewell to the mountains high coverd with snow Farewell to the straths and green valleys belowFarewell to the forrests and wild-hanging woods Farwell to the torrents and loud-pouring floods. 1, p. 254 By using repetition, the poet makes My Hearts in the Highlands sound like a song. R. Burns also uses the devices to accent his ideas. The word Highlands is repeated eight times, and Farewell is repeated six times. The most repeated phrase My Hearts in the Highlands contains the most important idea in the poem. At the same time it is a very nice noun metaphor (T ? Heart, V ? implied by the author human body or even the author himself).According to the degree of unexpectedne ss, it is genuine metaphor which evokes images and suggests some associations, reveals the authors emotional attitude towards the described place. Repetition creates an emotional response because the reader must acknowledge the importance of the poets attachment to the place. Similarly, the poet uses parallelism, the repetition of the same well-formed form structure, to convey his message and elicit an emotional response Chasing the wild deer, and following the roe, Farewell to the Highlands, farewell to the North, Wherever I wander, wheresoever I love1, p. 54. The whole third stanza also serves as an example of parallelism. All these repetitions add the feeling of homesickness and nostalgia in the poem. The opposition in this poem is between the Highlands and here. This opposition in stylistics is called antithesis. Since a reader do not know what kind of place here is, we imagine that it is quite the opposite of the Highlands. This establishes the signified of sadness, the sense of feeling out of place that most people felt at some time. A significant stylistic device is periphrasis the birth-place of Valour, the country of Worth.The author in such way gives proper names to his Highlands. He wants to emphasize that his country is very beautiful and he will suffer it. Usage of epithets enriches the aesthetic perception of the poem. In the poem we can find such epithets as wild-hanging woods which is compound structurally and metaphorical semantically loud-pouring floods also compound metaphorical epithet. Wild deer, green vallies are examples of simple tautological epithets. R. Burns also resorts to using a Scottish dialect. He mentions the word Straths which means a broad mountain valley. John Anderson writes about R.Burns Burns used dialect because ? however well educated a Scotsman may be ? when he is with those he loves and trusts, he drops naturally into brogue. It is cozy, familiar speech of the homeBurns, writing for his neighbors and cronies, uses the daily speech, homelike and comfortable as their old clothes13, p. 336. 2. 2. The style in My Hearts in the Highlands In the poem My Hearts in the Highlands, the glowively longing and lyrical tones reflect an inner feeling of yearning for the Highlands and a love for the land that liberates those who have been exposed to it.The narrator consistently reminisces about his memories of the Highlands and as he does so, he explains these feelings in a rhythmic and melodic fashion. The feelings that the narrator exhibits reflect the natural tendency of humans to maintain a connection with their original homeland. The poems diction emphasizes the liberation that the Highlands provide and the narrators feelings pertaining to his deep affection toward the Highlands. As the narrator wanders throughout the Highlands, he ventures to places as widespread as mountains covered in snow where he chases wild deer.The Highlands are a place where one experiences uncaringdom as evidence by how expa nsive they appear. The lack of bothersome interaction and the presence of anarchical spaces allow the narrator to maintain a sense of no restrictions. As the Highlands, or the birthplace of valor, are described, it is evident that the narrator is forever in love with them, and that memories of the Highlands are with him wherever the narrator travels. The Highlands symbolize bold strength that has stuck with the narrator throughout his life.This results in the narrator feeling a close bond with the Highlands. Along with the diction, the point of view allows for observation of the various tones. The first-person point of view reinforces the feelings of wistfulness and release that the poem conveys. The narrator says my Heart is not here in order to convey the fact that he longs to be in his contry of Worth, or the Highlands. There is a sense of immediacy as the narrator describes his experiences roaming throughout the hills and vallyes, and his longing is like a shot conveyed throug h the first-person point of view.It is clear that, as the Highlands are described, the narrator would rather be there than anywhere else, and the first-person point of view is beneficial in conveyancing this. The narrator says that he will think of the Highlands wherever I wander, since he claims that my hearts in the Highlands, whereer I go. The narrator is not able to let go of his thoughts and feelings about the Highlands when he is not there. This reflects the strong feelings that the narrator has for the Highlands and how he feels incomplete without their presence. Other things, such as the syntax, serve to provide a deeper meaning for the poem.The syntax in the poem moves from short phrases separated by commas, to a rhythmic and repetitive farewell, and finally to a structure that parallels the opening. Initially, the text is very ephemeral, and there is almost no defined rhythm associated with it. The narrator is incredibly attached to the Highlands, and his thoughts seem a lmost unfocused as he continually thinks about and longs for the Highlands. This reflects how detached the narrator is to his received life and how he would rather be somewhere where he can live with no restrictions. In the middle, the poem gains a defined rhythm, and repetition occurs.The narrator repetitively says goodbye to the Highlands, and during this farewell, he drifts off into somewhat of a euphoric daydream. His thoughts flow freely and in a translucent rhythm. This free-thinking coincides with the freedom that the narrator feels when he is in the Highlands. In the end, the text returns to the brief and disjointed format that it begins with. The narrator realizes that he is not physically at the Highlands, and he resumes wishing that he was. The end reflects a snap back to reality that occurs as the narrator finishes his imaginative farewell.Once again, the broken-up text reflects the uneasiness that the narrator has with his current life. While the syntax serves to prov ide the poem with a deeper meaning, the resourcefulness and detail expound upon the meaning is evident on the surface of the text. The poems imagery and detail reflect both the physical characteristics that make the Highlands such a special area and the deep emotional love that the narrator has for them. The Highlands are very expansive areas that span from mountains high covered with snow to the green valleys below, and the narrator feels a connection with these areas as he a-chases the deer across the hills.The narrator feels free in an environment as widespread as this. Because of this freedom, he reaches a comfort level that is unmatched in any other respect he even feels comfortable enough to chase wild deer across the hills. The narrators passion for the country of Worth is evidenced by the fact that his heart is not here. His strong love for the Highlands makes it seem as though no other land can be compared to them. In fact, he cannot devote his unyielding love to anything other than the Highlands because no love that he has ever experienced has been as strong as his love for the Highlands.The imagery, syntax, point-of-view, and diction each reflect the two original tones of the poem. Because they demonstrate that the poem exhibits a reflective longing for the past and that the text is lyrical and expressive of feelings, the styles of writing that the poem exhibits are very effective. As in A Dictionary of English Literature is said Burns is important because he deserted the artificial tradition of eighteenth-century poetry, replacing poetic diction with the pungent vernacular, false sentiment with true tenderness, sharms with realities. He taught the Romantics, in Wordsworths words How Verse may build a princely chiffonier On humble truth. To the world at large he is merely a singer of timeless song19, p. 45. Chapter 3 Lexical, syntactic, expressive means and stylistic devices in 3. 1. Young and Old by Charles Kingsley As The Encyclopedia American a informsCharles Kingsley (1819-1875) was English clergyman, author, and teacher and a leader in social and economic reform movementsA founder of the Christian Socialist movement, he was an active supporter of the British working-class movement known as Chartism, as is demonstrated in his early novels ?Yeast (his first novel, originally published in Frasers Magazine in 1848) and the powerful Alton Locke (1850). Openly didactic, they were meant to educate the upper classes in their social responsibilities. Ch. Kingsley is best known for his later novels, which include historical romances and childrens stories. Perhaps the most popular novels were Hypatia (1853) and Westward Ho (1855)Among his works for children in The Water-Babies (1863), a fairy tale based on natural history 16, p. 420. Our task is to decompose one of the poems by Ch. Kingsley Young and Old.This poem originally appeared as a song sung by a character in the Reverends book entitled The Water-Babies. Before we get int o the specifics of symbols I would like to dwell upon the meter and rhyme scheme. This poem is written in an altered iambic trimester. The alteration is very slight a substitution of a single tribrachin place of the last iambic meter of every odd line. The simple rhyme scheme ababcdcdefefghgh contributes to the easiness of the song and prevents the subject from feeling overly forced by use of other unnecessarily more intricate schemes.This poem is about the dissimilarities of youth and old age. There is a certain sentimental connotation to be further explored, but the basis of the poem is rooted in the differences. In the first stanza the author addresses youth. A spry horse to carry along the boot, and the idea that every dog has his day paired alongside the comments of a young world and queenly lasses provide us with a clear idea that the topic we hash out is that of youth. The line young blood must have its course, lad, and every dog his day come across as a call to action, dema nding perhaps as busier and more productive youth.Additionally, we are treated to a slue of natural imagery in the form of green trees, geese, swans, the horse etc. The allusion to a simple, natural order is a compelling one. This is continued in the second stanza, though the trees are marked as being brown, the sport of the previously accelerated and new-fashioned life has gone stale, the cart wheels are run down, and the lad is forced to creep home and take his place among the spent and maimed occupants. The final lines provide the wish that, God willing, you are alongside the one that you love.The poem Young and Old is full of many kinds of stylistic devices. The main stylistic device used in the text under analysis is antithesis When all the world is young, lad/ When all the world is old, lad5, p. 334. The whole poem is written by means of parallel constuctions And all the trees are green And every goose a swan, lad, And every lass a queen 5, p. 334 The quatation above mention ed also is a vivid example of repetition in strong positions, namely lexical anaphora. Another example containing anaphora And all the trees are brown And all the sport is stale, lad,And all the wheels run down 5, p. 334 Apart from lexical anaphora, there is also lexical epistrophe. In every two stanzas the word lad is repeated. A very significant stylistic device used by Ch. Kingsley is ellipsis or apokoinu And all the trees are green, And every goose is a swan, lad 5, p. 334 In the second stanza predicate is omitted but it is implied by the author. I can point out another instance of an ellipsis Young blood must have its course, lad And every must have dog his day 5, p. 334 Concerning metaphors, they are not so numerous.However, the poem contains two structurally very similar metaphors When all the world(T) is young(V) and When all the world(T) is old(V). They are, in my opinion, personal metaphor, i. e. personification. here(predicate) world obtains the characteristics of human. It can be young or become old. Also these two lines are, to some extent, hyperbolized by usage of the word all. This poem was analyse by T. Hoagwood. He shows that it is impossible for the song to be fully understood when first encountered in The Water-Babies. It is only later in the story that we recognize that the song is the old dames lament for her son Grimes who left her.The realization at the end of the novel that Grimes is her son enables us to revisit the lyric and to rescript our understanding of its latent, private, and even secret significance for the grieving old dame. 3. 2. Out of Sight, Out of Mind by Barnabe Googe One more poem which we are going to analyze is called Out of Sight, Out of Mind by Barnabe Googe. According to The Encyclopedia Americana, B. Googe (1540-1594) was English poet and translator. Googes only original work is Eglogs, Epytaphes and Sonnets, a collection of poems published in 1563. His eclogues are among the earliest examples of English pastora l poetry.He also translated into English some minor contemporary works in Latin prose17, p. 742. As a translator, Googe is noted for his English versions of Marcellus Palingeniuss Zodiake of Life (1560) and Conrad Heresbachs Four Books of Husbandry (1577). Googes reputation, which considerably declined following his death in 1594, has been revived by literary historians who recognize in his work transmissions of both ideas and stylistic practices that would influence such better-known English writers as Edmund Spenser, William Shakespeare, and John Milton. In Out of Sight, Out of Mind B. Googe worked with a proverbial theme.He stacks caesuras in thirteen lines of the eighteen-line poem, all of them more or less in the exact middle. Because of the repetition, these caesuras speed up the lines rather than slowing them down, hence allowing the lines from which Googe shortly omits caesural pause ? The heavy heart breeds mine unrest, Such pleasures rife shall I obtain/ When hold doth d epart us twain 4, p. 96 ? to encounter greater emphasis since, on top of the newly introduced spondees and trochees, they are also made to slow down. This particular poem also demonstrates Googes stoical plan of attack to verse as an adequate container for human feeling.He combines a monotonous rhythm and rhyme scheme with a predominantly monosyllabic lines, pithy both in content and length. The author uses in his poem repetition in strong position through the whole poem namely chain-repetition The oftener seen, the more I lust, The more I lust, the more I smart, The mire I smart, the more I trust, The more I trust, the heavier heart 4, p. 96 This repetition brings the necessary rhythm into the utterance. A very interesting device used in the poem is gradation. A reader can find an emotional climax that expresses the ideas in a fall order of significance The rarer seen, the les in mind, The less in mind, the lesser pain, The lesser pain, less grief I find, The lesser grief, the g reater gain 4, p. 96 The leading feature of the poem is usage of comparison. I. R. Galperin in his book Stylistics states that comparison means weighing two objects belonging to one class of things with the purpose of establishing the degree of their sameness or difference3, p. 167. In Out of Sight, Out of Mind we also can observe comparison. It is almost in each line the oftener/ the more, the more/ the heavier, the rarer/ the less, the lesser/the greater, the more/the happier.A device greatly favoured by the writer is irony Such pleasure rife shall I obtain When distance doth depart us twain 4, p. 96. According to Lototska K. English Stylistics Irony (from the Greek eironeia= hidden mockery) is a device based on the interaction of dictionary and contextual meanings standing in oppositionIrony is transference by contrast9, p. 86. The last two lines of the poem Out of Sight, Out of Mind is the vivid instance of irony. The whole poem is very symbolic. Even the tittle means the idea t hat if you do not see someone or something frequently, you will forget about it.Barnabe Googe wrote poems in the Native Tradition, a species of plain style. In this relatively early period, accents were heavy, unaccents were light, alliteration survived from old Anglo-Saxon verse, and the subject was usually serious. Conclusion The general purpose of the paper was to investigate stylistic, linguistic, lexical and syntactic peculiarities of five selected poems by different authors, to check earlier observations on the subject of stylistic analysis and to obtain new information. This course paper explored the comprehensive study of stylistic devices.Despite the fact that there are many works devoted to the problem under analysis some important aspects such as structural-semantic parameters of the poems and some lexical stylistic devices have not been fully investigated. In this work, to some extent, were used the elements of stylistics under lexico-syntactic patterns and choices, pho nologic, morphological and graphological devices to analyze such poems as Donts by D. H. Lawrence, The Song of Hiawatha (Introduction ) by H. W. Longfellow, My Hearts in the Highlands by R. Burns, Young and Old by Ch. Kingsley, and Out of Sight, Out of Mind by B.Googe. The display of stylistics in the poems, their functions and their effects have been the major focus of this research work. To make a striking impression on ones readers and stir up their emotions, nothing else could be done to achieve this purpose than employing the right and appropriate use of language. The study revealed that poets made use of various stylistic devices in a way that interrupts the normal syntactical flow of the sentences to secure emphasis and focus the readers attention. As can be seen from the data, each poet uses different techniques in his poem.In Donts by D. H. Lawrence we can find polysemanticism of the words in combination with repetition, metaphors, epithets, allusion. The Song of Hiawatha by H. W. Longfellow is rich in special vocabulary and different realities. The stylistic value of R. Burnss poem My Hearts in the Highlands can not be overestimated. Ch. Kingsley and B. Googe are considered to be masters in usage of stylistic devices. Under the lexico-syntactic choices, the authors use similes, metaphors which are both related to the topic of similarity to give clearness and liveliness to words.Under the phonological devices, rhyming scheme, consonance, assonance are found and they have been used to reinforce meaning. They also provide tone and musical colour and aid memorality. Different kinds of repetition, which is greatly favoured by the authors, and punctuation marks have been used to play various roles to achieve cohesion in discourse for varying stylistic effects. All of these things found out have worked together in attaining and ensuring effective meaning and communication. The choice of words by the poets also plays a very important role in meaning making .It helps the reader to understand the intention and the message the poets were trying to pass across. The obtained results give a clue to the understanding of stylistic analysis. As the previous researches on the given theme are not numerous, it is difficult to compare the findings of this research paper with the results of other study. In the course of investigation I had solid theoretical base. The inconsistency of data is probably a consequence of the lack of practical material and previous research.The problems associated with stylistic analysis and meaning of various expressive means are far from being solved and require further theoretical and experimental efforts. To sum up, different poets in their poems cultivates various styles and techniques which are worth of being studied. Each poem that was analyzed in this course paper fascinates readers by its stylistic originality. References 1. Burns R. The Poetical Works/R. Burns. ? MoscowRaduga Publishers, 1982. ? 705p. 2. Beaug rande, R,de. Style and Stylistics Electronic resource R. de. Beaugrande/ Mode of chafehttp//www. beaugrande. bizland. om/proceedings. ? Last access 2012, October 25. ? Title from the screen. 3. Galperin I. R. Stylistic/ I. R. Galperin. ? MoscowHigher school, 1977. ? 331p. 4. Googe B. Eglogs, epytaphes, and sonettes, 1563 / B. Googe, E. Arber. ? A. Constable and Co. , 1871. ? 128p. 5. Kingsley Ch. Poems/ Ch. Kingsley. ? Wildside Press LLC, 2007. ? 428p. 6. Lawrence D. H. The Complete Poems of D. H. Lawrence/ D. H. Lawrence. ? Wordsworth Editions, 1994. ? 352p. 7. Literature An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry and Drama/ Ed. By X. J. Kennedy and D. Gioia. ? Harper Collins, 1991. ? 3400p. 8. Longfellow H.W. The Song of Hiawatha And Other Poems/ H. W. Longfellow. ? The Readers Digest Association Inc. , Pleasantville, N. Y. / Montreal, 1989. ? 350p. 9. Lototska K. English Stylistics/ K. Lototska. ? Lviv Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Publishing Centre, 2008. ? 253p. 10. Maltzev V. A. An Introduction to Linguistic Poetics. ? , 1980. ? 240p. 11. McGuirk C. Robert Burns and the Sentimental Era/ C. McGuirk. ? Tuchwell Press, 1985. ? 193p. 12. Merriam-Websters Encyclopedia of Literature. ? Springfield, Massachusetts Merrian-Webster, Incorporated, Publishers, 1995. 1236p. 13. St. Thomas More Series Prose and Poetry of England/ Ed. By J. L. Maline. ? Syracuse, New York L. W. Singer Company, 1955. ? 750p. 14. The World Book Encyclopedia. ? Chicago, IL World Book, Inc. ? 2003. ? Vol. 2. ? 760p. 15. The World Book Encyclopedia. ? Chicago, IL World Book, Inc. ? 2011. ? Vol. 12. ? 538p. 16. The Encyclopedia Americana. ? Danbury, Connecticut Grolier. ? 2001. ? Vol. 16. ? 798p. 17. The Encyclopedia Americana. ? Danbury, Connecticut Grolier. ? 2001. ? Vol. 19. ? 922p. 18. Widdowson,H. G. Stylistics and the Teaching of Literature. ? L Longman,1975. 128p. 19. A Dictionary of English Literature/ Ed. by Homer A. Walt, William W. Watt. ? New York Barnes Noble, Inc. , 1877. ? 430p. 20. Oxford American Dictionary/ New Oxford American Dictionary/Ed. By John Simpson Edmund Weiner. ? Oxford University Press, Inc. , 2005. ? 1008p. 21. Collins Cobuild English Words in Use. / Ed. By J. M. Sinclair. ? London Longman, 2008. ? 1052p. 22. ?. ?. / ?. ?. . ? , 1990. ? 304. 1 . According to Lototska K. English stylistics tenor is the subject of thought in a trope (in rhetoric it is also called the primum comparandum), and the vehicle is the concept of a thing, person or an abstract notion with which the tenor is compared or identified (the secundum comparatum). Other terminologists distinquish between idea and image or target and source. 2 . Allusion is considered to be a special variety of metaphor by Yu. Skrebnev. Allusion (from Latin to mention inderectly) is a hint, an indirect reference to something presumably known from literature, mythology, history, the Bible. 3 . According to Lototska K. English Stylistics Gradation (Gr. ascent, climbing up) is a n arrangement of parallel words and statements in an ascending or descending order of importance, intensity,etc. The first, ascending order is known as climax. The opposite arrangement of parallel units, by which the thought descends from higher to lower, is called anticlimax. 4 . Simile (Latin similes= alike) is an imaginative comparison (also called literary comparison). It consists on an explicit likening of one object (the tenor) to another object (the vehicle) on the basis of some common features/characteristic (the ground).The common scheme is A is like B. 5 . Wondrous ? it is a poetic or literary word which has meaning of inspiring a feeling of wonder or delight. 6 . Iambus ? a metrical foot consisting of one short (or unstressed) syllable followed by one long (or stressed) syllable. 7 . dactyl ? a metrical foot consisting of one stressed syllable followed by two unstressed syllables or (in Greek and Latin) one long syllable followed by two short syllables. 8 . Antithesi s ? is an opposition or contrast of ideas usually presented in parallel constructions ( in phrases within one sentence, or two or more clauses or sentences). 9 . eriphrasis (Grek to speak all round) is a figure of speech when a longer phrase with descriptive epithets, abstract general terms, etc. , is used istead of a possible shorter and plainer form of expression. 10 . tautological epithets ? became fixed through long and repeated use, they emphasize one of the primary qualities of the defined. 11 . tribrach ? is a metrical foot used in formal poetry and Greek and Latin verse. In quantative metre(such as the meter of classical verse), it consists of three short syllables in accentual-syllabic verse (such as form

Thursday, May 23, 2019

Analysis of Badinerie by J. S. Bach Essay

The tack on Badinerie is best known for its destinations as the final endeavor of Johann Sebastian Bachs Orchestral Suit No.2 in B minor. Johann Sebastian Bach was born on the 21st March 1685 and died on the 31st of July 1750. He was a German composer, organist, harpsichordist, and violinist. He wrote sacred and secular works for choir, orchestra, and solo instruments. Bach drew together the strands of the de breastworkoque period and brought it to its ultimate maturity. The piece Badinerie is in a light mood and structured in the Binary Form. It is cast in swift 2/4 metre commencement ceremony on the up sustain or anacrusis.This piece was originally written for a Chamber Orchestra and a solo flute. The piece starts in B minor and played in allegro gait throughout. Badinerie start with a messo forte propulsive marking meaning moderately thundery with motive A in the pickup discontinue at the beginning and motive B starts on the second beat in bar two to bar 3. The Antecedent ranges from the beginning of the music to the first beat of bar four, which ends on a Perfect Authentic Cadence. The Consequent started on the second beat of bar for four to the first beat of bar ten, which ended on an Imperfect Cadence a one to a five suspended two chord in second inversion. They are long phrases throughout the succession of the piece.In the first five bars the bass part line plays a Bassa Continuo style in Baroque music, however in modern twenty-four hours it is called a Walking Bass style. In bars six to ten the melody line plays a similar rhythm that the bass was playing in the first five bars and the bass line plays a similar rhythm to what the melody line was playing.The second beat of bar 10 the dynamic marking changes to forte meaning loud which is the beginning of the phrase extension and sequential progression to bar 16. There is a great build up in this phrase with a messo forte crescendo leading up to forte and the use of sixteen notes in the bass not es the section intense and bright. Bar sixteen the end of the first section is repeated and ends on an Imperfect five of five going to five cadence called tonicization.The second section of the piece is a development of A, which is the same melody played a fifth up. The Antecedent started from the pickup beat to the first beat of bar twenty and the incident picked up on the next beat and ended on bar twenty three on a five of three going to a three cadence. The piece then modulated to D major in the next bar then f minor in bar 30 then back to b minor in bar thirty two. There is a phrase extension starting on the second beat of bar twenty to the first beat of bar twenty eight. The same idea comes back again of the melody line taking the rhythm of the bass line and the bass line taken the rhythm of the melody line in bars twenty eight to thirty two.There are treadle points in bars 33 to 35, interesting to note that there is use of octaves. In bars thirty six the first beat has a lo ud dynamic marking and the second beat has a soft dynamic marking which is quite interesting. There is a crescendo in the next bar leading up to forte towards the second to last bar. This section is then repeated and the section time around there is a rit. 2 Volta which means turn around then retard the second time. The piece ends on a Perfect Authentic Cadence.

Wednesday, May 22, 2019

Religious fundamentalism and terrorism

Religious fundamentalism and terrorism are products of globalization. Discuss. Following evidence of a revitalization in spiritual faith throughout the world, and a series of terrorist incidents purportedly motivated by apparitional fundamentalism, various commentators hold up argued globalization has ushered in new forms of radical ghostlike belief and expression and a preposterous form of coetaneous terrorism.This essay contends that while various forms of apparitional belief and terrorism fuck off been present in all benignant societies where congregation of sort outs has occurred, apparitional individualism and the current samples of terrorism are distinctly novel phenomena intimately bound to the processes and consequences of globalization. This essay will examine firstly how globalization has acted as a catalyst for the growth in spiritual fundamentalism and a sequent rise in religiously Justified violence, and secondly how the unequal experiences of globaliza tion has led to a rise in terrorist activity.Specifically, the notion of a perceived necessity for a reassertion of religiosity as a response to globalization will be examined, specificly as a impression of the nonviolence and clash of beliefs and ideas forces of secularism the consequences of modernisticity and the anxieties associated with amicable disruption and the issue of increased power point of intersection and a resultant increase in general powerlessness will be investigated.Expressions of religion, and political violence ingest been ever-present in society, and are mainly reflective of that particular period of human relations religious fundamentalism and present-day(a) terrorism frankincense, are the extreme expressions of the globalizes world. The notion of globalization is somewhat undefined, it is not altogether new, but is plan of attack increasingly synonymous with the twentieth century. Simply put, globalization is an ongoing trend whereby the world has i n many another(prenominal) respects and at a generally accelerating browse become nonpareil relatively b targetless social sphere. Specifically the last twenty to thirty years have seen an exponential increase in the speed of globalization and its involves. 3 McGraw defines globalization as a historical process involving a fundamental shift or transformation in the spatial scale of human social organization that links distant communities and expands the reach of power elation across regions and continents. 4 Globalization is then, the trend towards an increasingly interconnected society, with a convergence of cultures, spread of info and ideas.From the technological boom that created commercial air travel, telecommunications and the internet, societies and cultures are to a greater termination linked and influenced by one another. Jan Intervene Pitters argues that increasing cross- cultural communication, mobility, migration, trade, investment, and touristry all generate co gnizance of cultural difference, leading to ambiguity and complexity in the orientation of self-identity. 5 It is this uncertainty that has led commentators to assert that religious fundamentalism and contemporary terrorism are products of globalization.Religious fundamentalism can be broadly defined as a particular form of religious expression. Fundamentalists claim to be the upholders of orthodoxy that is the right creeds, values and beliefs they in like manner claim to uphold orthographies that is the right codes of conduct and behaviors. 6 In terms of the religious alliance, fundamentalism is distinct from conservatism and traditional belief, and lies to the extreme of religious expression. According to Earthen, it is a religious way of being, that manifest itself in a strategy by which beleaguered believers attempt to preserve their distinctive identity as a people or group in the face of modernity and colonization. 8 Here Earthen contends that in the ever-changing globalizes world, in the face of ambivalence and ambiguity, individuals and groups turn to religion in order to provide a instinct of certainty and social identity.For religious fundamentalists, religion itself provides a ready-made package of solutions, they assert their own understanding of these as the delineate to clarifying humanity mission in life story as the way to explain why things are going wrong in the world and as a way to empower those who feel powerless and buffeted by the world. It is contended that it is the results of globalization that have pushed many to religious fundamentalism.Terrorism has been present as long as people have congregated in societies, although the term terrorism is considered to most likely have originated around the French Revolution of the 18th century in refer to the reign of terror. Al A universal conceptual definition of terrorism, Lutz and Lutz argue, has never been established and agreed upon, they point to the lack of a common classification in the international sphere as evidence of this. 2 However for the purposes of progress, Bergsten contends that terrorism can be defined as, the premeditated use of violence by a non-state group to obtain a political, religious, or social objective through fear or intimidation tell at a large audience. 13 Simply, terrorism involves three main factors first the use or threat of use of violence, secondly it is mimed at achieving a political objective, and third it requires an audience big than the immediate victims of the violence itself.Significantly, terrorism is a microcosm of the broader society from which it is drawn14 thus it will constantly mutate and be always unique to a particular time period, however, the present debate surrounds the contention that in the contemporary era, it is globalization that has motivated and shaped the form terrorism has suck upn.Globalization and the convergence and clash of ideas, information and beliefs intrinsic to it has presented a challeng e of plural and parallel claims too single god r belief system, it is argued that this process of globalization has pushed many to fundamentalist forms of religious expression, to reassert the correctness1 5 of their religion. As featheriness notes, the process of globalization leads to the compression of culture. Things formerly held apart are now brought into contact and juxtaposition. 16th experience Featheriness highlights is now common on a global level because of globalization, with the exposure of new ideas, of religion and god being compared to previously held beliefs. Believers of monotheistic religions, such s Islam, Judaism and Christianity all face new and plural claims to their religion, also claiming to possess knowledge of and access to the one true god, and one true way to communicate with themed.Karen Armstrong argues that a turn to religious fundamentalism and for some, religiously motivated violence is an attempt to reaffirm their god, religion and particular bel ief system, and is an attempt to push the universal application of their beliefs. 18 Here comparable to the response to a confused world, globalization creates challenges to current religious beliefs, this halogen questions the beliefs of many, pushing many to respond.Some Armstrong argues, are motivated to violent expressions of their desire for religious universality, claiming that much contemporary religiously motivated terrorism is a reaction to the awareness of the plurality of religions, a result of the processes of globalization. Furthermore, religions face additional challenges, from a plurality of claims to being the one true god, religions risk a relativistic of all claims. Featheriness points out that, the spiral of relativism of culture through increased contact, Juxtaposition and lashing, creates many questions about long-held formations of culture. Rehire Featheriness notes that awareness of numerous claims of monotheistic religions to be the sole universal religion r isks devaluing all these claims, god may no longer be universal but more culturally or racially specific. Malaise Earthen describes the uncertainty this creates as a crisis of faith and notwithstanding illustrates it as anxieties generated by the thought that there are ways of living and believing other than those deemed by ones groups version of the deity. 20 Similarly to plural claims of monotheistic religions, the challenge posed by a relativistic of religion argues Armstrong,21 pushes many to believe that the reassertion of religious universality is necessary, prompting many to simply restate and attest to their religions universality and superiority by round to extreme forms of religious fundamentalism, but also is responsible for current trends of religiously motivated terrorism as a response to the largely modern phenomenon that is globalization.The orgasm of globalization has further tested religion by preaching the spread of secularism and the normalization of religion i ntrinsic to it. As a response, many believers have been further hardened towards fundamentalist approaches to religion, whilst others have been inspired to violence in order to reassert the importance of religion in the modern secularism world. Malaise Earthen argues that the secularist precedent that religious beliefs should be substituted for scientific evidence and rationality has left no room for religion in mainstream society. 2 The current trend being that religious notions are thought to be somewhat subjective and that more objective and reliable forms of g overning society should be used, pushing elision out of the everyday sphere, and into only the private sector. Gerrymanders suggests that fundamentalists oppose secularism they believe it is the reason for the social and moral decline of society. 23 Here contending that fundamentalists view secular governance as the competitor of religion, they reject the notion that reason and rationality can provide them meaningful so lutions to their social and personal problems.Walter Liqueur discusses this rejection with reference to the Muslim Brotherhood operating in Egypt. 24 Egypt had seen the failure of secular leaders, who industrialists believed were responsible for decisions that uprooted tradition and gambled their culture. The brotherhood believed that they must restore their communities moral compass and pride, here they resisted and rejected claims of the supposed secular organization superiority. 25 Similar attacks by Christian groups against abortion clinics and places it sees as homosexual havens, are designed to purify the ills of society and restore its moral fiber.Here secularist forces of globalization have provoked extreme religious responses, as well as many violent expressions of dissatisfaction. Current religiously Justified violence is not solely directed outwards by perpetrators, many see the concessions that many mainstream believers have made as a requirement to participate in the m odern globalizes world as requiring adjustment. The demands that the contemporary globalizes world places upon the individual in their daily lives are immense and the sacrifice of numerous religious practices is often inevitable.Gerrymanders outlines the problems associated with living a religious life in the modern globalizes world, pointing especially to the stricter interpretations of the major(ip) religions as being particularly prone to forced disobedience. 27 Gerrymanders exemplifies his point by pointing to the daily prayer rituals of the major religions and the inability of these to fit within many westernizes occupations, as well as this the requirement to turn-the-other-cheek approach to some of the more liberal elements of society, at odds with many of the major religions. 8 The notion of sacrifice in the globalizes world is not an unknown quantity, all individuals at one time or another have been forced to sacrifice meeting, be it family, friends, business, politics or l eisure, religion is no different and it is this point Gerrymanders makes. However, the sacrifices of many mainstream, Jews, Christians and Muslims are viewed as a betrayal and dicey by more fundamental groups of believers. Rainstorm points to the assassination of Israeli Prime Minister Hiawatha Rabin in 1995,29 following actions some fundamentalists viewed as a betrayal to the Jewish homeland.Yell Learner, an heart-to-heart extremist Israeli supported the assassins actions, arguing that political assassination of Jewish leaders should be supported who were felt to be dangerously irresponsible and were De facto enemies of Judaism. 30 Further, Rainstorm suggests that anger concessions of mainstream religious groups is not limited to Judaism, citing examples of bombings of abortion clinics in America and other Western nations by Christian fundamentalists. 31 A further example is the AAA Qaeda group that has as one if its stated aims the re-establishment of an Islamic state based on t he strict Habits teachings. 2 Here the unique demands that the modern globalizes world places upon religious individuals as well as the religion as a whole are immense, provoking some fundamental elements to terrorism to domesticize what they see as dangerous. The process of globalization and the increased speed of change it has bought to the daily lives of individuals, communities and nation-states, has led to a form of cultural crisis,33 that has created constant alteration and then instability and unpredictability to the lives of many has pushed a revival of faith to provide stability and predictability to the lives of those affected.Anticipating Banyans notion of liquid modernity Rainstorm argues that, the accelerated dissolution of traditional inks of social and cultural cohesion within and between societies with the current globalization process, combined with the historical legacy, and current conditions of political repression, have all led to an increased sense of fragili ty, instability and unpredictability for the present and the future. 35 Noting that in the current climate means of defining identity are no longer as tangible as they once were, creating a situation where one is dislocated and disengaged from society, unsure as to what beliefs and values are indeed the ones to be believed. Rainstorm further contends hat they take refuge in religion, which provides centuries old-ideals by which to determine goals they find physical or psychological sanctuary against repression. 36 Stating that people turn or return to religion, as religion itself provides a readmes package of solutions, including authority structures and institutions to regulate behavior as well as rules and answers to moral questions, providing something solid and consistent where it previously didnt. Lacquerer summarizes, stating that if these are the norms of today, the prospects for tomorrow are bleak, and once again he certainties of their religion, their god and their text ar e appealing. 37 Banyan argues that it is the perceived need of these dislocated people to assert these religious codes and creed onto society for their lives, which pushes some to a point where violence appears appropriate or even preferable as a means of achieving it. 38 It is thus the worldwide experience of dislocation and unpredictability inherent to globalization largely unique to contemporary times that has thrust many to religion as a solution some perceive a need to use terrorist violence to achieve their aims.Similarly globalization has instituted a situation where many are powerless to affect their own destiny, turning to terrorism as a politics of last resort. 39 Marty and Appleby argue that through foreign ownership, government amalgamations and the liberations of social, economic and public sectors, globalization has removed much of the ability of individuals to affect their immediate surroundings. 40 Noting here that the power to control society is increasingly converg ing into the hands of a fewer elites and away from the masses, as a result of globalization.Further, Lingers argues that these feelings of hopelessness and desperation are considerably more likely to occur and to a more extreme extent in the more marginal groups within society, specifically minorities and the disadvantaged. 41 Significantly then, those within society who have been traditionally denied political, social and economic rights and control over their lives, are further disenfranchised by the processes of globalization.Armstrong contends that this powerlessness, fuels feelings of firstly hopelessness, and eventually an overwhelming thwarting to alter ones lot in life. 42 This solicitation process43 of increasing frustration ultimately pushes individuals to cross a Violence threshold. 44 At this point argues Glare rational choice is made that traditional peaceful means of quetch and dissent are no longer effective, and violence becomes a politics of last resort. 5 The in ability to control ones destiny as a result of globalization, it is argued has pushed those most drastically affected towards terrorism as a means of remonstration. The experience of globalization is incredibly complex and ambivalent, being unique to every nation, community and individual. Globalization through the removal of space and time, the distribution of knowledge and expertise and a growth in technological development, promises countless benefits, however it is these same developments that have catalysts a growth in religious fundamentalism and politically motivated violence.Significantly the compression of space and time has juxtaposed supposed universal religions against one another, provoking encroach the notion of secularism and scientific discovery as unsurpassed has motivated a reassertion of religiosity, specifically a more extreme form further the modern world ND the sacrifices from mainstream forces required to operate within it, have aggravated an extreme and some times violent response, and finally, the growth of a powerful global elite, absolute the globe from a distant has resulted in feelings of powerlessness and generated frustration in the more marginals pockets of the world.Globalization has delivered much progress for society, however the fact that the benefits of this progress are generally unevenly distributed and have disrupted many traditional cultures and beliefs, it has often provoked unforeseen consequences.